Barbara Meisterernst

Hon.-Prof. Dr.

Research Associate
Institute of Linguistics
Division German Linguistics

Contact

Keplerstraße 17
70174 Stuttgart
Deutschland

Subject

  • Chinese historical syntax and morpho-syntax
  • Historical linguistics
  • Syntax-semantic interfaces
  • Buddhist Chinese
Books

‘When the West met the East: Early Western Accounts of the Languages of the Sinosphere and their Impact on the history of Chinese Linguistics’. In Asian and African Studies, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2023.

under review: The Diachronic Development of Modal Expressions in Chinese. To appear in Studies in Language Change [SLC] Band18.
2019: (ed.) and contributor: New perspectives on Aspect and Modality in Chinese Historical Linguistics. Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics, Springer & Peking University Press. 2019.
2019: As co-editor: The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics, edited by Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, and Barbara Meisterernst.
2016: As Editor: Routledge Major Works Series: “The Silk Roads: Critical Concepts in Asian Studies” (4 volumes).
2016: (ed.) and contributor New Aspects of Classical Chinese Grammar, Asian and African Studies of the Humboldt University Berlin 45, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016.
2015: Tense and Aspect in Han Period Chinese: A linguistic study of the Shǐjì. Trends in Modern Linguistics Series 274. Berlin: DeGruyter.
2008: Redouane Djamouri, Rint Sybesma, Barbara Meisterernst (eds.). Chinese Linguistics in Europe (CLE). Paris: Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale.
2000: Sprachwandel vom klassischen zum hanzeitlichen Chinesisch [Language change from Classical to Han period Chinese]. Münsterische Sinologische Mitteilungen, Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten China. Edited by Ulrich Unger and Hans Stumpfeldt. Bad Honnef: Bock + Herchen, 2000.
Book chapters
“The Loss of Morphology and the Emergence of Analytic Structures in Chinese.” Journal of Historical Syntax 7. Volume 7, Article 13: 1-55, 2023.
“Georg von der Gabelentz and Chinese and East Asian Linguistics”. In Barbara Meisterernst (ed.), "When the West met the East: Early Western Accounts of the Languages of the Sinosphere and their Impact on the history of Chinese Linguistics". Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2023.
“A linguistic analysis of the different functions of XIN and their historical development from Late Archaic to Middle Chinese”, In Christian Meyer (ed.), From Trustworthiness to Secular Beliefs – Changing Concepts of xin 信 from Traditional to Modern Chinese, 78-103, Leiden: Brill.
“Georg von der Gabelentz und das Psychologische Subjekt: Die linguistische Strategie der Topikalisierung” [Georg von der Gabelentz and the Psychological Subject: The Linguistic Strategy of Topicalization], In: Klöter, Henning, Li Xuetao (eds): Von Lindenblättern und verderbten Dialekten: Neue Studien zu dem Sinologen und Sprachwissenschaftler Georg von der Gabelentz (1840–1893). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2020: 139-158.
“A New Approach on the Development of Deontic Markers in Pre-Modern Chinese”. In A Typological Approach to Grammaticalization and Lexicalization, ed. by Janet Xing. Trends in Linguistics, vol 327. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton 2020: 191-230.
With Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Tania Becker, “Creativity and Expressiveness of Linguistic Devices in Chinese. In Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Barbara Meisterernst, The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics, 2019.
With Chu-Ren Huang, Kathleen Ahrens, Tania Becker, Regina Llamas, King-fai Tam: “Chinese Language Arts”. In Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Barbara Meisterernst, The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics, 2019.
With Friederike Assandri: “Chinese Philosophy, Religions, and Language”. In Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Barbara Meisterernst, The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics, 2019.
“The Function of Poetic Language and Rhymes in Pre-Modern Chinese Literature”, In Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Barbara Meisterernst, The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics, 2019.
“Chinese Language and the Silk Road”. In Chu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt, Barbara Meisterernst, The Routledge Handbook on Chinese Applied Linguistics, 2019.
Co-authored with Jiajuan Xiong, “The syntax and the semantics of the deontic modals yīng 應 and dāng 當 in Early Buddhist texts” In New perspectives on Aspect and Modality in Chinese Historical Linguistics, Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics, Springer & Peking University Press, 2019.
“A new approach on the modal KE 可 and the relation between the aspectual and the modal system in Archaic Chinese”. In New perspectives on Aspect and Modality in Chinese Historical Linguistics Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics, Springer & Peking University Press, 2019: 159-189.
語體語法與中古初期的新興語法形式──以上古晚期至中古初期史書為主要論據的研究 (翻譯者:吳克毅). In: Feng Shengli 冯胜利, Shi Chunhong 施春宏 (eds.) Hanyu yuti yufa xintan 汉语语体语法新探 New Explorations on Chinese Register Grammar. Shanghai: Zhongxi shuju, 2018: 289-320.
Co-authored with Aldridge, Edith, “Resultative and Termination: A Unified Analysis of Middle Chinese VP-YI”. In: Kunio Nishiyama, Hideki Kishimoto, and Edith Aldridge, eds. Topics in Theoretical Asian Linguistics. John Benjamins, 2018, 157-179.
“Buddhism and Chinese Linguistics”. In: Manel Herat, Buddhism and Linguistics. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Ulrich Unger: A scientific biography, in Rint Sybesma (general editor): Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Brill, 2017: online.
Warring States to Medieval Chinese, in Rint Sybesma (general editor): Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Brill, 2017: online.
Pre-Modern Modal verbs, in Rint Sybesma (general editor): Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Brill, 2017: online.
“Premodern Aspect”, in Rint Sybesma (general editor): Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics. Brill, 2017: online.
Introductory Article: “The Silk Roads”. In Barbara Meisterernst (ed.) The Silk Roads, Critical Concepts in Asian Studies. Routledge Major Works Series (4 volumes), 2016.
“The expression of epistemic modality in Classical and Han period Chinese”. In: Barbara Meisterernst (ed.), New Aspects of Classical Chinese Grammar. Asien und Afrikastudien der Humboldt Universität, Harrassowitz, 2016, p. 105-129.
“New Issues in Chinese Grammar: The Morpho-Syntax of the Aspectual System in Late Archaic Chinese”, in: Mínsú diǎnjí wénzí yánjiū 民俗典籍文字研究 [Studies on Folklore, Classics and Chinese Character], vol. 15, Beijing: Shangwu yinshu guan, 2015.
“Some remarks on the language of Kumārajīva's translation of the Lotus Sutra”. In: Shashibala (ed.), Kumarajiva: Philosopher and Seer, New Delhi, Indira Gandhi, National Centre for the Arts, D K Printworld Pvt. Ltd, 2015, p. 109-143.
“Chinesische Grammatiken seit Georg von der Gabelentz” [Chinese Grammars since Georg von der Gabelentz], In: Beiträge zur Gabelentz-Forschung [Contributions to the research on Gabelentz]. K. Ezawa, F. Hundsnurscher und A. v. Vogel (eds.), Tübingen: Narr, 2014.
“A syntactic analysis of modal bì 必: auxiliary verb or adverb?” In: Cao Guangshun, Hilary Chappell, Redouane Djamouri, and Thekla Wiebusch (eds.) Breaking down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series). Taipei, 2013, 425-449.
“Hanchao Hanyu wenyan zhong de kouyu chengfen – Shiji yu Han duiying juan de yuyanxue bijiao yanjiu 汉朝汉语文言中的口语成分——《史记》与《汉书》对应卷的语言学比较研究”. In: Feng Shengli (ed.). Hanyu shumian yu de lishi yu xian zhuang 汉语书面语的历史与现状. Beijing University Press, 2013.
“The language of advice in early Buddhist texts”. In Sharma, Nirmala [ed.]: Buddhism in Kashmir. New Delhi: Indian Council for Cultural Relations; Aditya Prakashan, 2012, 175 S.
“Number in Chinese: a diachronic study of the case zhū 諸 from Han to Wei Jin Nanbeichao Chinese”. In Xu Dan (ed.). Plurality and Classifier across Languages in China. Berlin: DeGruyter, 2012, pp. 143-182.
“Aspectual structures in Buddhist Chinese texts”. In: Hànwèn Fódiǎn yǔyén xué 漢文佛典語言學. Taiwan: 法鼓佛教學院, 2011, pp. 58-99.
Handai hanyu shijian ju zhong « hou » de jufa fenxi 汉代汉语时间句中“後”的句法分析. In: Hanyu shiti lishi yanjiu lunwenji 汉语时体历时研究论文集 . Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe, 2009, 语文出版社.
Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, Barbara Meisterernst, “The Buddhist Sogdian P 7 and its Chinese source”. In: Sundermann, Werner, Hintze, Almut, de Blois, Francois. Exegisti monumenta. Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams. Iranica 17. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2009, pp.313-324.
Barbara Meisterernst, Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, “Some Remarks on the Chinese and Sogdian ‘Sutra of the Causes and Effects’”. In: Weber, D. (ed.). Languages of Iran: Past and present. D.N. MacKenzie Commemorative Volume, 2006, pp. 109-127. Reprint 2016 in The Silk Roads: Critical Concepts in Asian Studies, Routledge.
“The Future Tense in Classical and Han period Chinese”. In: Takashima, Ken’ichi and Jiang Shaoyu (eds.). Meaning and Form: Essays in Pre-Modern Chinese Grammar, München: Lincom, 2004, pp. 121-146.
“Eine Übersetzung der Yüeh-yü Sektion des Kuo-yü” [A translation of the Yueyu section in the Guoyu]. In: Und folge nun dem, was mein Herz begehrt. Festschrift für Ulrich Unger zum 70. Geburtstag. Hamburger Sinologische Schriften 8, Hamburg: Hamburger Sinologische Gesellschaft e.V., 2002, pp. 509-542.
“The Position of Interrogatives in a Han-time Text”. In: Djamouri, Redouane (ed.) Collected Essays in Ancient Chinese Grammar, Paris: EHESS, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale, 2001, pp. 265-287.
Articles in peer-reviewed Journals
“Does Archaic Chinese Have a Marked Subjunctive Mood: Some Evidence From Modal Negators”, The Journal of Chinese Linguistics (2022). DOI: 10.1353/jcl.2017.0123
“The negative cycle in Chinese: From synthetic to analytic and back to synthetic negation?”, Journal of Historical Linguistics (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.21026.mei
“A syntactic approach to the grammaticalization of the modal marker dāng 當 in Middle Chinese”, Journal of Historical Syntax (2020) 4:5
“A semantic analysis of modal DE 得 in pre-modern Chinese”, Lingua Sinica (2019) 5:1, pp.1-29
“Possibility and Necessity and the Scope of Negation in Early Middle Chinese”, International Journal of Chinese Linguistics (2020) 7:1, pp. 1–44
“Grammatical innovation and linguistic register: historical writing from Late Archaic to Early Medieval Chinese”. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft [Journal of the Oriental Society], 2020, 170.
“Modality and aspect and the thematic role of the subject in Late Archaic and Han period Chinese”, Lingua Sinica (2017) 3:10.
“The syntax of Aspecto-temporal Adverbs from Late Archaic to Early Medieval Chinese”, Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2016, DOI: 10.1007/s10831-015-9140-3.
“From synthetic to analytic modal negation: Modal negative markers from Han to Tang”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 165, 2015,2, p. 441-468.
“Vernacular elements and literary language in Han period Chinese: A linguistic comparison of corresponding chapters in the Shiji and the Hanshu”. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 2014, p. 187-213.
“Verb classes and aspects: Situation type in Pre-Tang Chinese. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 163,1, 2013.
“From obligation to future? A diachronic sketch of the syntax and the semantics of the auxiliary verb dāng 當. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 40,2, 2011 p. 137-188.
“The syntax of hou in temporal phrases in Han period Chinese”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 20, 2010, pp 503-522. Online publication doi:10.1017/S1356186310000258.
“Object Preposing in Classical and pre-Medieval Chinese”. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 19,1, 2010, pp. 75-102. Online publication: DOI 10.1007/s10831-010-9056-x.
“Modal verbs in Han period Chinese Part II: Negative Markers in combination with the modal auxiliary verbs kĕ 可 and kĕyĭ 可以. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 37.2, 2008, pp. 197-222.
“Modal verbs in Han period Chinese Part I: The syntax and semantics of kĕ 可and kĕ yĭ 可以”, Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 37.1, 2008, pp. 85-120.
“The negative wei in Han period Chinese”, Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 36.1, 2008, pp.121-154.
“Negation and the Causative verb shi in Han period Chinese”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and Asian Studies, 69:3, 2006, pp. 433-455.
“Some remarks on the syntax and the semantics of the so-called aspectual markers ji and yi”, Journal of Chinese Linguistics 33,1, 2005, pp. 68-113.
“Temporal phrases in the Shiji: adverbials indicating a point of time”, Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 33,2, 2004, pp. 203-250.
“The Syntax of Duration Phrases in Han period Chinese”, Acta Orientalia Hungarica, 56, 2003, 2-4, pp. 117-136.
“À propos: Gassmann, Robert (1997). Antikchinesisch in fünf Element(ar)gängen. ... Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 2002,2, pp. 245-259. Review article.
Conference proceedings
黃居人,梅思德,井茁。行動中,脈絡中,活生生的漢語。第十屆海峽兩岸現代漢語問題。學術研究討論文集。待建國等主編。Macau: University of Macau Press, 133-143.
Polarity and the diachronic development of deontic modality in Chinese. Proceedings of NAFOSTED-NICS 2018.
Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst “Buddhist Sogdian texts in relation to their Chinese sources, paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Ancient Manuscripts and Documents of the Minorities in China. Beijing, October: 20-22, 2010.
“Tense and Aspect in a Han time text: the adverbs chang, chang and su”, presented at the XIII. E.A.C.S. Conference in Torino. In: Stafutti, Stefania (ed.) Proceedings of the 23rd EACS conference, Torino, 2002 (CD-rom).
Reviews
Review: Giele, Enno. Imperial Decision-Making and Communication in Early China. Opera Sinologist 20. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 18,1, pp. 244-246.
Review: LÉVI, Jean, LIU Chaoying, QI Chong, PEYRAUBE, Alain and BAI Gang (2005). 齊 語 Discours du Qi: Texte historique de la Chine pré-impériale. Lyons: ENS Éditions. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orietale, 35,2, 2006.
Review: Peyraube and Sun, eds. Linguistic Essays in Honor of Mei Tsu-lin: Studies on Chinese Historical Syntax and Morphology. Meisterernst, Barbara. Revue Bibliographique de Sinologie 19 (2001), 343–46.

Since 1999 regular presentations at the annual International Association of Chinese Linguistics conferences, the bi-annual European Association of Chinese Linguistics conferences, the International Symposium on Classical Chinese Grammar (since 1998), at the annual Journées de Linguistique de l’Asie Orientale, Paris; occasional presentations at the annual Sino-Tibetan Conferences, at the AREC conferences in Paris, at the IsCLL conferences, at the Deutsche Orientalistentag, The International Conference on Buddhist Texts; presentation at the 1st International Conference on Ancient Manuscripts and Documents of the Minorities in China.

Presentation of my research work at e.g. the Fakultät für Ostasienwissenschaften, Ruhr-University, Bochum; in the Needham Institute, Cambridge, England; in the CRLAO, Paris; at the Verb Typologies Revisited Conference in Ghent, Feb. 2009; at the University of Ghent; at several workshops of the International Dunhuang Project; at the University of Washington, 2012; at Tsing Hua University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan, 2012, at the Chinese university, Seoul, 2015, at the University of Modena and the University of Parma, November 2015, at the Hong Kong Polytechnical University, 2015, at the Chinese University in Hong Kong 2016, at National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 2016.

Possibility modals in Chinese and the morpho-syntax of their complements: a view from First Phase Syntax, Workshop on Cross-disciplinary studies in East and Southeast Asian historical linguistics, Hanoi, June 9, 2023 (Invited).
The Grammaticalization of Future Markers in Chinese, 2023 International Young Scholar Conference, National Cheng Kung University, May 19, 2023, Keynote.
Phan, Trần, Meisterernst, Barbara. Vietnamese modal ĐƯỢC is only dynamic post-verbally. 2023 Workshop on Vietnamese Linguistics (ISVL-3), Konan University, Japan, 2022, March 17-18 (invited, online).
Modality and rhetorical questions in Late Archaic and Early Middle Chinese: a syntactic account, XXXV Journées de Linguistique de l’Asie Orientale, Paris, July 7-9, 2022.
(Co-authored with Trần Phan) The syntax and semantics of Vietnamese modal được: a diachronic and comparative account, The 2022 Workshop on Vietnamese Linguistics (ISVL-2), Konan University, Kobe (online), March 19-20, 2022.
The loss of morphology and the emergence of analytic structures in Chinese, Diachronic Generative Syntax 21, University of Konstanz (online), May 20-22, 2021.
Does Archaic Chinese have a marked subjunctive mood: some evidence from modal negators, The 10th International Symposium on Ancient Chinese Grammar, Beijing, Language and Culture University, March 27-28, 2021 (invited speaker).
A syntactic account of the postverbal modal marker DE 得: From Late Archaic to Early Mandarin, May 7, 2021, Invited (online) lecture within the ‘Lecture series on Chinese Linguistics: Focus on Syntax, Università Ca’Foscari, Venice (invited speaker).
ISOCTAL -3, Cork, Ireland, 2019, Dec. 12-14, Keynote.
The diachronic development of postverbal dé 得 in Chinese, 24th International Conference on Historical Linguistics ICHL24, Canberra, National University of Australia, 108/07/01-108/07/05.
The negative cycle in Chinese: From Synthetic to Analytic and to Synthetic Negation? Presentation at Academia Sinica, 2019, April 14.
Modality in Classical Chinese, Workshop. University of Washington, Seattle, November 30-Dec. 01, 2018.
The NICS-18 conference. Saigon, November 23-24, 2018.
The 19th Lexical Semantics Workshop at Chung Cheng University, Chiayi Taiwan, May 26-28, 2018 (keynote speaker).
Presentation at the University of Washington, October 6, 2017.
Workshop on Stylistic Register Grammar, Chinese University Hong Kong, May 2017.
Workshop on Grammaticalization and Lexicalization, Western Washington University, Bellingham, April 2017.
Invited to give a talk on register grammar, a comparison of the Shǐjì and the Hànshū at the Chinese University in Hong Kong, April 15, 2016.
Invited talk together with Edith Aldridge, “Grammaticalization of the Verb yǐ to an Aspectual Marker in Middle Chinese”, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, April 8, 2016.
Invited to give two talks on Silk Road Studies by the University of Parma and the University of Modena, November 2015.
The 9th conference of the European Association of Chinese Linguistics, Stuttgart, Sep. 24-26, 2015 (keynote speaker).
The Chinese University of Seoul, August, 2015.
The 23rd Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics, Seoul, postponed to August 26-28, 2015.
The Polytechnical University in Hong Kong, June 2015.
Buddhism and Linguistics, colloquium at Liverpool Hope University, September 19, 2914 (keynote speaker).
The First International Symposium on the Culture of Chinese Characters and Languague, Oklahoma, August 15-19, 2014.
A conference on Aspect organized by the Academia Sinica and the Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, November 2013.
The 25th Journées de Linguistique de l’Asie Orientale, Paris, June 2012.
The International Conference Buddhism in Kashmir, Leh, September 5–8, 2011.
The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong, May 25, 2011.
The Symposium on The History and Current State of Written Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, May, 7–8, 2011.
The International Seminar Kumarajiva: Philosopher and Seer, New Delhi, 3–5 February, 2011.
The Centre of Buddhist Studies, HK University, 2010.
The Department of Linguistics at Hong Kong University, 2010.
The “Early Chán Manuscripts among the Dūnhuáng Findings” and “Resources in the Mark-up and Digitization of Historical Texts” Conference, Oslo, 28.09.-02.10.2009 (2 presentations: “The Digitization of Chinese Texts preserved in the Berlin Turfan-Collection” and “Temporal and aspectual structures in Buddhist Chinese texts, revisited”).
The Department of Linguistics at Hong Kong University, November 2008.
The Department of Linguistics at Hong Kong University, May 2008.
A scientific presentation in honour of Professor Ulrich Unger, 15.12.2007 at the Institute of Sinology, Münster.
The Department of Linguistics at Hong Kong University, 2005.
The 21th Warring States Project Conference, Amherst, 7-10 October, 2005.
Employments
Since Aug. 2018 Professor, Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
Aug. 2017 – July 2018 Visiting Professor, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
Oct. 2014 – Feb. 2017 Research position (“Eigene Stelle”) at the Humboldt-University, Berlin
Oct. 2013 – Sept. 2014 Visiting professor at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at the Humboldt-University, Berlin (Replacement Stelle Reiter)
Since 2010 Research position (“Eigene Stelle”) at the Humboldt-University, Berlin
2008 – 2009 Collaborator at the Academy of Berlin-Brandenburg, Turfanforschung
2006 – 2010 Guest professorship for Chinese Linguistics and Literature at the University of Ghent, Belgium
2005 – 2007 Collaborator at the Academy of Berlin-Brandenburg, Turfanforschung
2002 – 2003 Chercheur 1er degré D.D. in the Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale, C.N.R.S., Paris
Education
June 2012 Habilitation at the University Hamburg with the thesis “Temporality in the Shǐjì”
The thesis has been published by De Gruyter with the title: “Tense and Aspect in Han Period Chinese: A linguistic study of the Shǐjì”
Feb. 2005 Qualification as Maitre de Conference for French Universities.
July 1998 PhD. Rigorosum / Defence of my PhD thesis “Sprachwandel vom klassischen zum hanzeitlichen Chinesisch [Language change from Classical to Han period Chinese]. (“Magna cum laude”)
Publication in September 2000 in the series Münsterische Sinologische Mitteilungen,Beiträge zur Geschichte und Kultur des Alten China. Bad Honnef: Bock+ Herchen.
Nov. 1992 M.A. in Chinese Studies, German and Linguistics with the thesis: Die Kommentartechnik des Wei Chao dargestellt anhand der Tsin-Sektion des Kuoh-yu. [The commentatorial technique of Wei Zhao illustrated in the Jin-section of the Guoyu].
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